effect of Boko Haram on revenue generation and utilization in Nigeria

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Different sets of groups had arose in Nigeria with little or real militancy approach in pursuance of their different objective and goals. Among them are Oodua People’s Congress (OPC) within Yorubas, Bakassi Boys and Movement for Actualisation of Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) among Igbos, Niger-Delta Militant in the South-south region as well as Boko Haram that is still the object of discussion today. The major problems with Boko in Nigeria is that they are without a particular identity within Northern part of Nigeria.

Boko Haram was founded as an indigenous group, turning itself into a Jihadist group in 2009.  It proposes that interaction with the Western World is forbidden, and also supports the position of Muslim establishment and government in Nigeria. The members of the group do not interact with the local Muslim population and have carried out assassinations in the past of anyone who criticises it, including Muslim clerics (Bartolotta, 2011).

According to Baiyewu (2012), of all the terrorist groups that have ravaged Nigeria, the Boko Haram is undoubtedly the most blood-thirsty and destructive, both in terms of its demonic brutality, mindless savagery and increasing scope of operation.  From the beginning, the group made its manifest known: rejection of western education and all institutions and agencies that go with it, including government institutions.  It prefers to have Sharia law applied all over the country, but if that is difficult to grant, they would rather have a separate Islamic state carved out of Nigeria, where they can practice their religion unhindered. The activities of Boko Haram pre-dated 2011 general election; because there are the generation of people that have been engaging in different political and ethnical crisis courtesy of religion in the Northern part of Nigeria.

The official name of Boko Haram that is Jama’ atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda’ await wal-Jihad which in Arabic Language means “People of the way of Prophet Muhammed (peace be unto him) and Community (of Muslims) in line with the earlier generation of Muslims” and not Boko Haram which simply means “Western secular education is Islamically prohibited”. Boko Hara has also been defined to means that evangelism deceptively camouflages as Western Education is Islamically unacceptable (DCCN, 2009: 2).

In pursuance of their objective, Boko Haram members use bombing of Churches, Mosques, Police Stations, Schools; Universities inclusive and other Government owned Properties. As well as privately owned property without excluding innocent souls through the machinery of suicide bombers as well as slaughtering and kidnapping people; alien inclusive which have resulted to demise of the larger percentage of the Captives.

The most pitiable fact is that most of those suicide bombers are teenagers which can be summarily belief to be the resultant effect of brainwashing. Boko Haram during the cause of prosecuting their objective has done great harm to this Nation order than other set of militants that have emerged in Nigeria. In line with this, Emmanuel Oladesu (The Nation Newspaper, 2013: 4) stated thus:

Since the end of the civil war no calamity of enormous proportion has befallen the fledging nation – state more than the harrow unleashed by the dreadful sec – Boko Haram. Many lives have been lost property worth billions of naira have been destroyed. Nobody is insulated from the attack. Government officials and buildings, traditional rulers, police and military formations and church worshippers are targets. On daily basis, there is panic. The fear of the invincible agitators has become the beginning of wisdom.

This is the situation of things until 28 January 2013 when the sect announced temporary ceasefire through one of her leader Sheikh Mohammed Abdulazeez Ibn Idris (The Nation Newspaper, 2013:1) which were latter counter to be untrue by another member of the group. It should also be noted that Federal Government of Nigeria have offer members of Boko Haram amnesty which have not yield any positive result to the extent that different Committee has been set both at State and Federal level for the purpose of putting end to the activities of Boko Haram.

Boko haram insurgents have negatively affect Nigeria economy especially with the areas of operation. According to Nwankwo (2013), Boko Haram has negatively affected Nigerian economy especially on its revenue generation and utilization. For instance, the United Nations Humanitarian Service (UNHS) (2013) reported that attacks by Boko Haram in Northern Nigeria has led to the closure of the Nigeria-Niger border and expulsions of foreigners by Nigerian security forces. According to the report, this is beginning to hurt the economy of the neighbouring Niger. Also the news agency reported that Diffa, the major economic hub of Niger in Southern part of the country, is witnessing unprecedented economic paralysis, even as there are fears of a spillover of the Boko Haram insurgency following the discovery of a sleeper cell of the sect in Diffa among others. Since the beginning of this terrorist attacks in the Northern part of the country, there has been seizure of government activities in the area. These activities including tax collection and other revenue generating activities.

Statement of the Problem

            There are many methods of which government can generate revenue in the state. These methods include; tax collection, import and export duties, collection of business premises fees, taxes from industries and business organisations among others. For the smooth generation of these funds/revenue, there must be a conducive and enabling environment for the officials to be able and successfully generate the funds/revenues and utilise them adequately.

            Unfortunately, in the Northern part of the country, there has been series of problems, social unrest, terrorism, kidnapping, bombing among others. These problems have made it difficult for government officials responsible for the for the collection of this fund to stop their work thereby reducing total amount of money government suppose to generated from the part of the country where Boko Haram members are.

            Also, there has been many reports showing the stagnation of economic activities in the areas. For instance, it is on record that Nigeria closed its border with Niger and have made the economic activities of the people in the area stagnant. In other to cub this situation, there is need that government and its agents should strategize means of reducing the high rate of insurgency in the country.  It is in line with these problems that made the researcher to investigate the effect of Boko Haram on government revenue generation and utilization in the Northern part of the country,

values of science and technology education in the present day in nigeria

According to Azubuike (2013), Science is a way of practising knowledge, as well as the knowledge itself, whereas technology is the application of science, particularly to industrial or commercial objectives. Technology can also be defined as the scientific methods and materials used to achieve industrial objectives.. it has also been defined as science and technology (S&T) has a very unique side to it – it is intrinsically linked to most, if not all, sectors of an economy. So naturally, economic development should be the result of advancing S&T. Perhaps nothing sums up the importance of science and technology better than this quote by British Physicist, Stephen Hawking: for more information contact chidi 08064940749 behind Abacha joint for more information 

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Effect of Office Automation on Health

 Challenge of Office Automation in the Modern day office workers

Abstract

Office automation refers to the varied computer machineries and software used to digitally create, collect, store, manipulate, and relay office information needed for accomplishing basic tasks and goals. Raw data storage, electronic transfer, and the management of electronic business information comprise the basic activities of an office automation system. In its basic form, information exists as letters, memos, graphs, records, messages, and so on. When that information is electronically transferred, raw data is exchanged between two or more office employees, either at the same or different locations. Office automation helps to ease traditional routine work. It is geared to a paperless office. Despites its advantages, there has been various research on the negative effect of office automation on the users. This paper therefore highlights the advantages of office automation, its characteristics, its health effects on the users and various office safeties. Lastly, it was recommended that everything should be put in place to avoid all the health related effect in computer automation; these will help to improve the health of the office workers which will also enhance their productivity 

INTRODUCTION

Globalization in world’s economy has brought in speed and accuracy in the information system and therefore, majority of the office organizations are rapidly changing from manual to automation, under the concept of paperless office. The use of computer and other computer supported products are now widely being used in the office environments. As a result people have hardly any time to move from their seats (Asika and Odugbesan, 2002). As the reliance on technology continues to expand in office, the role and chances of Office Manager has greatly evolved.  Office automation and organizational restructuring have led professional Office Managers to assume responsibilities that were once reserved for managerial staff (Boladele, 2002).

Office technology according to Ekpenyong (2008) involves the use of new inventions or devices in an office to transform, or change the process of office work. It is this rapid change in the technology of office work through the use of machines to do the work that was previously done by hand. It also refers to the varied computer machineries and software used to digitally create, collect, store, manipulate, and relay office information needed for accomplishing basic tasks. It also refers to raw data storage, electronic transfer, and the management of electronic business information which comprises the basic activities of an office automation system (Ayyadurai 2012). Office automation helps in optimizing or automating existing office procedures. According to Haigh (2006), the term office automation also refers to all tools and methods that are applied to office activities which make it possible to process written, visual, and sound data in a computer-aided manner.

 In other words, the use of machines such as computers, electronic mail system, among others, is called technology/automation. Advances in Information Technology and increased computerisation have upgraded secretarial work, as they have led to a decrease in the quantity of more routine and mundane work, and to an increase in the quality and accuracy of the work produced by Office managers.

Automation has changed the ecosystem of the office and has brought new levels of stress. This change, unfortunately, has not been matched with a sufficient change in job design and processes. Consequently, computer-related injuries are on the rise; productivity is bound to suffer when the workplace is poorly designed, and workers become bleary-eyed and sore as a result of sitting all day in inappropriate chairs, staring at poorly lit screens. Thus Julius, & Felipe (2008) noted that the introduction of computer has brought in speed and skill in the office environment but side by side has also increased the musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) among the computer users. It is quite evident from the extensive studies conducted by numerous researchers that majority of the office goers are suffering from different types of MSDs like carpal tunnel syndrome, tenosynovitis, tendonitis, frozen shoulder, spondylosis, slipped disc, etc., which are severely affecting the work performance in terms of quality, quantity and absenteeism.

The lack of human factor considerations in office automation has raised many concerns to management over the potential threats to workers' health and productivity. This paper addresses many of these threats and suggests some guidelines in order to minimize the risk.

Concept of office automation

The term office automation refers to all tools and methods that are applied to office activities which make it possible to process written, visual and sound data in an office environment (Spencer and Pruss, 2000). Office automation is intended to provide elements which make it possible to simplify, improve, and automate the organizational activities of a company or a group of people (management of administrative data, synchronization of meetings, etc.). Thus Chukwumezie (2002) opines that office automation can be defined as technology and team collaboration applications and components of new technological innovation to accomplish and accelerate projects. Office automation pertains to the different computer equipment and programs employed to electronically build, gather, save, adjust, and communicate workplace information necessary for completing fundamental chores and targets

According to Helfand, (2009), office automation refers to the varied computer machinery and software used to digitally create, collect, store, manipulate, and relay office information needed for accomplishing basic tasks and goals. He further noted that generally, there are three basic activities of an office automation system: storage of raw data, data exchange, and data management. Within each broad application area, hardware and software combine to fulfill basic functions.

Spencer, and Pruss (2000) stated that office automation is the use of computer systems to execute a variety of office operations, such as word processing, accounting, and e-mail. Office automation almost always implies a network of computers with a variety of available programs .Office automation is the action of using varied equipment, machinery and software to store, manipulate and electronically capture or transfer data necessary for business.